Fire Protection Design of Steel Structures

Release time:

2026-08-31

Steel has poor fire resistance, and its mechanical properties decline rapidly at high temperatures, necessitating scientific fire protection design......

Importance of Fire-Resistant Design for Steel Structures

High-Temperature Effects: In a fire, the yield strength of steel is approximately 50% of its room temperature strength when the temperature reaches 600℃, and drops to 20% at 700℃. High-strength steel degrades even faster, significantly reducing the structural load-bearing capacity.
Rapid Heating: Steel has a high thermal conductivity; unprotected steel components can reach approximately 600℃ within 15–20 minutes of exposure to fire, resulting in a short fire resistance limit of only 15–20 minutes.
Fire Protection Objectives: To ensure the safe load-bearing capacity of steel structures in the event of a fire, delay the spread of fire, and provide time for personnel evacuation and fire rescue; to ensure the structure can be restored to usable use after a fire.

Fire-retardant coatings for steel structures are mainly divided into two categories: intumescent and non-intumescent. Furthermore, based on construction techniques and environmental requirements, they can be further subdivided into water-based, solvent-based, ultra-thin, thin, and thick types to meet the fire protection needs of different building structures:

Intumescent Fire Retardant Coatings (Thin Coating/Ultra-Thin Coating)

Working Principle: The coating rapidly expands under high-temperature fire conditions, forming a porous carbonized layer that isolates heat and oxygen, effectively delaying the temperature rise of the steel.
Coating Thickness: Typically ≤7mm (Ultra-thin ≤3mm, Thin 3-7mm).
Advantages: Thin coating, lightweight, and aesthetically pleasing; suitable for exposed steel structures and public buildings or commercial spaces with high decorative requirements.
Limitations: Organic resins are prone to aging; moisture absorption affects expansion; fire resistance limit is generally ≤2 hours; may produce an odor during application.
Applicable Scenarios: Indoor light steel structures, office buildings, shopping malls, high-rise residential buildings, office buildings, exhibition centers, etc.

Non-Intumescent Fire Retardant Coatings (Thick Coating)

Working Principle: The coating does not expand; it relies on inorganic refractory materials (such as vermiculite, perlite, water glass, refractory cement, etc.) to form a high-density thermal barrier, directly preventing heat conduction to the steel.
Coating thickness: 8-50mm, with thick fire-retardant coatings mainly ranging from 7-45mm.
Advantages: High fire resistance (up to 3 hours or more), strong stability, aging resistance, and resistance to moisture corrosion. Excellent long-term performance.
Limitations: Thick coating makes application more difficult and affects building aesthetics.
Applicable scenarios: Industrial plants, large warehouses, tunnels, indoor and outdoor heavy steel structures, and concealed components of high-rise buildings.

Selection guidelines:

Based on fire resistance rating: Choose coating thickness and type: For short fire resistance times (≤2 hours), choose ultra-thin or thin intumescent coatings; for long fire resistance times (≥2 hours), choose thick non-intumescent coatings.

Based on the application environment: Water-based coatings are preferred for indoor use due to their environmental friendliness and safety; solvent-based or weather-resistant coatings are suitable for outdoor or high-humidity environments.

Based on aesthetic requirements: Intumescent or transparent coatings can be used for exposed steel structures and public buildings; thick non-intumescent coatings are preferred for concealed structures and industrial buildings.

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